individual at Global Economy

A joint venture is a legal organization that takes the form of a short term partnership in which the persons jointly undertake a transaction for mutual profit. Generally each person contributes assets and share risks. Like a partnership, joint ventures can involve any type of business transaction and the “persons” involved can be individuals, groups of individuals, companies, or corporations.
Joint ventures are also widely used by companies to gain entrance into foreign markets. Foreign companies form joint ventures with domestic companies already present in markets the foreign companies would like to enter. The foreign companies generally bring new technologies and business practices into the joint venture, while the domestic companies already have the relationships and requisite governmental documents within the country along with being entrenched in the domestic industry.
The reasons behind the formation of a joint venture often include business expansion, development of new products or moving into new markets, particularly overseas.
Your business may have strong potential for growth, and you may have innovative ideas and products, but could still benefit from:

more resources;
greater capacity;
increased technical expertise;
established distribution channels.

Entering into a joint venture is a major decision. This guide introduces the advantages and disadvantages.
Businesses can often achieve unexpected gains through joint ventures with a partner. Businesses of any size can use joint ventures to strengthen long-term relationships or to collaborate on short-term projects.
A successful joint venture can offer:

access to new markets and distribution networks;
increased capacity;
sharing of risks with a partner;
access to specialized staff and technology.

A joint venture can also be very flexible. For example, a joint venture can have a limited life span and only cover part of what you do, thus limiting both your commitment and the business’ exposure.
Joint ventures are a popular form of co-operation between businesses in different countries in areas such as transport, tourism and hotels.

Blog Directory

Web Directory

Also there were a lot of different students’ conferences this year. And I didn’t lose the opportunity to participate in them. One of my reports was devoted to gender problem in international business. And now I’d like to tell you about the most interesting parts of it…

Women have made great strides over the last century in areas where they were not historically equal to men; they gained the right to vote, they removed the barriers to traditionally male professions, and they changed the way society looked at them. Women are no longer viewed as primarily «emotional» creatures, but are judged on their individual qualities.

But the gender problem is still burning all over the world and especially in the countries of the former USSR, Belarus is no exception. The fact that there is still women and men’s work, and still separate play for boys and girls, show how these are apparent even today. By breaking down these stereotypes and allowing men - or women - to be as feminine or masculine as they choose give them a chance to be individuals. And that is why the United Nations Development Programme supports the idea of expanding the public space for women in Belarus.

This Project is for women aspiring to social, political and professional success; for men willing to support active women’ striving for self-realization and for anyone interested in the sustainable democratic development of Belarus.

Society creates artificial barriers in the way of women’s professional, political and social careers thus depriving itself of the great potential that this social group possesses. Gender equality is a prerequisite to the effective development of this country. The goal of the Project is to ensure the real access to the sphere of decision-making for Belarusian women.

In order to feel motivated, reach out and participate in the decision-making women must first attain self-affirmation. Up-to-date education, relevant knowledge and skills are all ingredients of success that would allow women to become leaders. The Project provides an opportunity to get the education that fits women’s needs, status and employment.

Providing equal opportunities means not only that women must be able to gain the education that would allow them to access such traditionally masculine spheres as big politics, serious business, higher levels of power. Equal opportunities are founded, first and foremost, on equal rights. The Project calls for expanding women’s impact on the legislative process to ensure the gender equality in the society.

Women who aspire to participate in decision-making face an invisible obstacle in the form of the public opinion. The stereotypical view on the limited role of women in the public sphere unfortunately still exists in our society. It cultivates in women the predisposition to passiveness and dependence, and, at best, provides them with a sort of a greenhouse – a limited scope of possibilities of personal self-realization.

Women who have strength, knowledge and ambition to participate in public life want to step outside the greenhouse and into a real world. Yet, too often they cannot declare their aspirations because of the social disapproval that would follow.

The Project aims at working with Mass Media to facilitate the change of public opinion and create a friendlier social environment for women. Creation of social advertising is one direction of work with mass-media. The social advertising, that were created during such cooperation, got two first prizes in nominations «Noncommercial printed advertising» and «Video advertising» in the Seventh world festival of advertising «Idea! 2006» and two first prizes in the fourth Kiev International Festival of Advertising.

It is important to consider the gender inequality as an economic problem, not only social one!

Women represent the biggest social - demographic group in Belarus. There are above 5,000,000 women that make up 53 % of all the population living in this country. Today women face with excessive loadings on work, growth of unemployment and poverty. In each branch of the economy there are significant distinctions in the incomes received by men and women. The average wages of women make 81 % from average wages of men. In spite of the fact, that women and men have the same educational level.

Thus, the gender problem is really urgent in our society because having refused from a social equality of men and women we refuse huge prospects of successful economic development of our country.

Today is the first summer day. My congratulations!!!

All who have economic education study economics. But what do you know about the history of economics?

So, in the 1500s there were few universities. Those that existed taught religion, Latin, Greek, philosophy, history, and mathematics. No econom­ics. Then came the Enlightenment (about 1700) in which reasoning re­placed God as the explanation of why things were the way they were. Pre­Enlightenment thinkers would answer the question, “Why am I poor?” with, “Because God wills it.” Enlightenment scholars looked for a differ­ent explanation. “Because of the nature of land ownership” is one answer they found.

Such reasoned explanations required more knowledge of the way things were, and the amount of information expanded so rapidly that it had to be divided or categorized for an individual to have hope of knowing a subject. Soon philosophy was subdivided into science and philos­ophy. In the 1700s, the sciences were split into natural sciences and so­cial sciences. The amount of knowledge kept increasing, and in the late 1800s and early 1900s social science itself split into subdivisions: economics, political science, history, geography, sociology, anthropology, and psychology. Many of the insights how the economic system worked were codified in Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations, written in 1776. Notice that this is before economics as a sub discipline developed, and Adam Smith could also be classified as an anthropologist, a sociologist, a political scientist, and a social philosopher.

Throughout the l8th and 19t centuries economists such as Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, John Stuart Mill, David Ricardo, and Karl Marx were more than economists; they were social philosophers who covered all aspects of social science. These writers were subsequently called Clas­sical economists. Alfred Marshall continued in that classical tradition, and his book, Principles of Economics, published in the late 1800s, was written with the other social sciences in evidence. But Marshall also changed the question economists ask; he focused on the questions that could be asked in a graphical supply-demand framework. In doing so he began what is called neo-classical economics…

Don’t look a gift horse in the mouth.

But nevertheless you should know bout recommended gifts, gifts to avoid, good and bad colours for wrapping paper in some countries. And of course it will be very good if you will know how present a gift to individuals and groups.

Gift Giving

Japan:

- Gift-giving is an important part of Japanese business protocol.

- An expensive gift will not be a bribe.

- Present gifts with both hands.

- Gifts are opened in private, because if the gift turns out to be a poor choice, “loss of face” will result.

- Before accepting a gift, it is polite to modestly refuse at least once or twice before finally accepting.

- Ensure that your gifts are wrapped. The safest gift-wrapping choices are pastel-colored papers, without bows.

Gifts to Avoid:

- Lilies, lotus blossoms, and camellias are associated with funerals. White flowers of any kind should be avoided.

- Giving four or nine of anything is considered unlucky.

- Red Christmas cards should be avoided, since funeral notices are customarily printed in this colour. There is also a superstition that potted plants encourage sickness.

China:

- Today, official policy in Chinese business culture forbids giving gifts; this gesture is considered bribery, an illegal act in this country. In many organizations, however, attitude to gifts are beginning to relax.

- The Chinese will decline a gift three times before finally accepting, so as not to appear greedy.

- If possible, have your gifts wrapped in red paper, which is considered a lucky colour.

- Wrapping in yellow paper with black writing is a gift given only to the dead.

Gifts to Avoid

- Numbers such as ‘73′ meaning ‘the funeral’ and ‘84′ meaning ‘having accidents’ are to be avoided.

- Scissors, knives, or other sharp objects

- The following items are to be avoided as they are associated with funerals: handkerchiefs, gifts or wrapping paper in white, black, or blue

The following items are to be avoided as they are associated with funerals: clocks, four of any item [the Cantonese word for “four” sounds similar, in the same language, to “death”]

India:

- Gift giving is customary in India, and is seen as a sign of friendship.

- It is advisable not to give expensive gifts, unless you are very close to the person.

- Normally, gifts are not opened in the presence of the giver. However, sometimes your Indian host may insist on your opening the gift, and would expect appreciation for his/her choice.

- Alcohol is culturally not accepted in most parts of India.

- Be cautious in giving a leather item as a gift. Since many Indians are vegetarians, they may not appreciate items made of leather.

Spain:

- In ordinary Spanish business culture, however, gifts are usually given only at the conclusion of successful negotiations.

- If you receive a gift, you should open it immediately and in front of the giver.

- When offering any gift, you should ensure that it is a high-quality item [perhaps a brand-name] and that it is finely wrapped.

- You should not give anything too extravagant as your generosity may be perceived as a bribe.

France:

- French business etiquette dictates that you don’t include your business card with a gift.

Не that talks much errs much.

A good English proverb, but it is not acceptable for modern business. Doing business worldwide I must be aware of what you are talking about. Here is some tips to help you conduct talks successfully.

Spain:

- In conversation, Spaniards may not only stand uncomfortably close, but may also pat your arm or shoulder. If you are put out by such gestures, it will only cause offence to try to retreat into your own private space.

Topics to avoid:

- Bullfighting [if you and your counterpart are likely to disagree];

- Religion [i.e. any aspect of Roman Catholicism];

- The Civil War and WWII;

- Franco;

- Basque separatism and Catalan regionalism;

- Gibraltar;

- Enquiries of a personal nature, especially during first introductions;

- Machismo and feminism.

France:

- Give opinions only on subjects that you are knowledgeable about.

Topics to Avoid:

- It is extremely bad manners to ask an individual about his political leanings or how he voted. You can, however, inquire about the political system or public opinion about political leaders.

- Do not criticize Napoleon, who has a lasting identity with the French spirit.

- Refrain from using the standard U.S. conversation opener, ‘What do you do?’

- Avoid making personal inquiries in the course of a conversation, especially during first introductions.

Germany:

- Be prepared to take the first step as the newcomer to introduce yourself to an established group when you arrive in a new environment.

- Giving compliments is not part of German business protocol and can often cause embarrassment and awkwardness. Compliments, especially from strangers can be taken with suspicion [“What does he/she really mean to say or want?”].

Topics to Avoid:

- World War II/the Holocaust

- Personal questions [especially salary, cost of personal objects] among people you don’t know or know well, especially in a business environment [work and family life are usually kept separate]

So, as you see that it isn’t rather difficult to converse in European countries, but the rules of conversation in Moslem countries are stricter.

I could say that Islamic people are very proud of their country, language, culture and history

Turkey:

- Avoid giving opinions over sensitive issues involving Turkey, especially Turko-Kurdish relations, EU membership.

- Turkey has had a turbulent political history which may be best left in the past. Try and avoid this subject as a whole.

- There is a West-East divide in Turkey on the issue of Islam. Generally, the Eastern Turks are a lot more conservative due to their closer adherence to Islamic values. Western Turks, especially those in Istanbul, Ankara or Izmir are usually a lot more westernized. Islam takes on more of a cultural feel rather than a religious one. Depending on where you are, be careful how you approach any topic about Islam.

Iran:

- Avoid questions around polemics in Islam, inquisitive questions about Islam are possible.

- Contentious issues that may lead to debate are the Revolution of 1979, Iranian- US relations and domestic policy.

- Do not ask personal questions unless a very close relationship has been established.

- Avoid making any negative comments about Iran regarding the leadership, infrastructure or people.

- And try to be always honest in the conversation. If they feel that you are hiding smth or there is an element of suspicion about your motives, you may not get very far.

So, as you can see that in conversations with the Moslem people you should be very attentive…

Japan:

- You may be asked extremely personal questions regarding your salary, education, and family life. If you don’t want to answer, remain polite but try to side step the question.

- It is considered polite to frequently say “I’m sorry.” For example, the Japanese will apologize for having a cold, taking you to see a disappointing movie and practically any other personal flaw. Visitors are encouraged to do the same.

- Don’t make direct refusals. In your dealings with Japanese business culture, remain indirect.

- Use as many Japanese sentences as you can.

Please, remember some Topics to Avoid:

- World War II

- Making jokes [unless they are very easy to understand]

China:

- Negative replies are considered impolite. Instead of saying ‘no’, answer ‘maybe’, ‘I’ll think about it’.

- You may be asked questions concerning your age and income. If you don’t want to reveal this information, remain polite and give an unspecific answer.

- Make an effort to learn and use at least a few words in Chinese.

India

- Most Indians enjoy good conversation on a variety of topics.

- Sometimes, Indians ask questions which can be seen as too personal. However, one must remember that discussing one’s family and personal life is normal among Indians.

- Indians seldom express their disagreement in a direct manner.

Please, remember the topics to avoid in conversation:

- Religious beliefs

- Pakistan

- The large rich-poor divide in India

So, now you know about welcome and unwelcome topics of conversation and the tone of voice to be used.

International relations are primarily official contacts among the governments of independent countries. Such contacts may be peaceful or warlike and they are very important for the global economy.

Agreement is an arrangement or promise to do something, made by 2 or more people or organizations. A treaty is a formal agreement made by national governments. The agreement may be bilateral (signed by 2 countries) or multilateral (signed by more than 2 countries). Only the official representatives of independent countries may draw up a treaty. Before the agreement can go into effect, it must be approved by the governments of the countries involved. A nation may sign a treaty to promote its own economic interests.

When governments or other bodies wish to reach an agreement they usually organize a visit or hold or have talks, discussions or negotiations. And it’s very important to have special skills doing business worldwide. I have already told about the importance of cross-cultural skills in modern business. And now I’d like to give you some tips. I hope they will help you to understand business etiquette better.

First of all there are some words about greeting in some countries.

Spain:

Initial introductions with Spaniards are always formal: extend a brief but firm handshake, while maintaining eye contact and saying «buenos días» or «buenas tardes» depending on the time of day.

Men will continue to shake hands on all subsequent occasions. Women will embrace and kiss. In the company of friends, it is also common for men to hug or pat each other on the back as well as shaking hands.

France:

Expect to be greeted by a handshake; kissing on the cheeks [across genders] is also common amongst colleagues at work. It is not extended to outsiders and you should not attempt it until your female colleagues have made the initial move.

Germany:

Germans do not expect to be greeted by strangers, even when eye contact has been made, in the office environment.

Firm, brief handshakes at the time of arrival and departure are standard in both business and social relationships. Hugging and kissing on both cheeks are common only among good friends and family members. When arriving and leaving, take the time to shake hands with everyone individually in a group. The simpler American «group wave», for example, will not be appreciated in all but the most casual and familiar gatherings.

 

I should say that the greeting in United Arab Emirates, Iran and in Turkey does not vary significantly, because they all are Moslem countries.

The standard greeting is «As-salaam alike», [peace be upon you] to which the standard reply is «Wa alaikum as-salam» [and upon you be peace]. On arrival at the reception room, the visitor should stand in the doorway and utter the former of these phrases. Only after receiving the reply is he entitled to enter. In the event of no reply, he may repeat the greeting but continued failure to reply means that he is not welcome.         

If the room is carpeted, the visitor should remove his shoes and leave them outside to avoid bringing in impurities and thereby rendering the carpet ritually unclean for prayer. Once inside the room, he should shake hands with the most senior person first [usually but not invariably the host]. Then, he should make his way around the room in an anti-clockwise direction, shaking hands with each person in turn before taking his seat and joining in the conversation.            

The visitor should not change the subject of conversation except by logical opportunity or invitation. If there are more than fifty or so people in the room or if the seating is inconvenient, there may be consensus permission for him merely to shake hands with the host and wave a greeting to the others.    Once seated, crossing legs is perfectly acceptable, provided one does not direct the sole of the foot to an individual, which is a «go away» gesture.

 

Japan:

The Japanese greet each other by bowing. A bow can be a way of expressing thanks, saying “I’m sorry” or even asking for a favor.

China:

The Chinese will sometimes nod. Bowing is seldom used except in ceremonies. Handshakes are also popular.

If you visit a school, theater, or other workplace, it is likely that you will be greeted with applause as a sign of welcome. In turn, you should respond by applauding back.

 In Chinese culture, the question «Have you eaten?» or «Where have you been?» is the equivalent to «How are you?» in North America. Simply answer, ‘yes’ or smile and say «thank you».

India:

The traditional way of greeting in India is performed by holding your palms together, as in praying, and saying «Namaskar» [nah-mas-kar], with a slight bow. While «Namaskar» are Hindu ways of greeting, they are also accepted among all other communities. Shaking hands is also an acceptable way to greet people, but shaking hands with women is not universally accepted in Indian society.

 

Now you know how to greet your business partner according to the customs of his country.

This page is generated by Wpkeys plugin